Urban Green Spaces
Urban green space (UGS) is often, but not always, comprised of plants and other natural elements in a human-dominated area. Other terms used interchangeably can include green infrastructure, urban vegetation, streetscapes, remnant patches, and urban parks. Despite there not being a formal operational definition for urban green space, there has been growing interest in greenspace research as evidence that nature positively impacts human wellbeing grows. Urban green space can encourage increased physical activity, increase social and community connection, and enhance nature connectedness.
Related topics have been included in category Landscapes for Health subset designed landscape elements.
Related topics have been included in category Landscapes for Health subset designed landscape elements.
> Key Organizations
> Books, journals & E-publications on urban Green Spaces
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. (2016). Urban green spaces and health. World
Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.
> RESEARCH & ARTICLES ON urban Green Spaces
Recently published selected research & articles:
A Trust for Public Land. (2023). The Power of Parks to Promote Health: A Special Report.
Akpinar, A., Barbosa-Leiker, C. & Brooks, K. R. (2016). Does green space matter? Exploring
relationships between green space type and health indicators. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20, 407–418.
Battisti, L., Pille, L., Larcher, F., Butenschon, S. & Samuel, I. (2020). Managing urban greening for
improving well-being in European cities. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1279: XXX International Horticultural Congress IHC2018: Vll Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture, lV Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields and ll Symposium on Mechanization, Precision Horticulture, and Robotics.
Barton, J. & Rogerson, M. (2017). The importance of greenspace for mental health. BJPsych.
International 14(4):79-81.
Berg, M., Wenel-Vos, W., van Poppel, M., Kemper, H., van Mechelen, W. & Maas, J. (2015). Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 806-816.
Bojorquez, I. & Ojeda-Revah, L. (2018). Urban public parks and mental health in adult women:
Mediating and moderating factors. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 64(7), 637-646.
Bustmante, G. et al. (2022). Mental health and well-being in times of COVID-19: A mixed-methods
study of the role of neighborhood parks, outdoor spaces, and nature among US older adults. Health & Place 76 (July 2022),
Callaghan, A., McCombe, G., Harrold, A., McMeel, C., Mills, G., Moore-Cherry, N. & Cullen, W. (2021).
The impact of green spaces on mental health in urban settings: A scoping review. J Ment Health, 30(2), 179-193.
Chen, C., Luo, W., Li, H., Zhang, D., Kang, N., Yang, X. & Xia, Y. (2020). Impact of perception of green
space for health promotion on willingness to use parks and actual use among young urban residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5560.
Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagaña, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A. et al. (2016). Green
space and general health: Roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environ Int., 91, 161–7.
Dzhambov, A.M., Lercher,P., Browning, MHEM., Stoyanov, D., Petrova, N., Novakov S. & Dimitrova,
D.D. (2021). Does greenery experienced indoors and outdoors provide an escape and support mental health during the COVID-19 quarantine? Environ Res. 196:110420.
Edwards, J.R. et al. (2023). Associations of greenspace use and proximity with self-reported physical
and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE 18, no. 3.
Gianfredi, V., Buffoli, M., Rebecchi, A., Croci, R., Oradini-Alacreu, A., Stirparo, G., ... & Signorelli, C.
(2021). Association between urban greenspace and health: a systematic review of literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5137.
Geneletti, D., Cortinovis, C. & Zardo, L. (2022). Simulating crowding of urban green areas to manage
access during lockdowns. Landsc Urban Plan., 219, 104319.
Haas, WD, Hassink, J. & Stuiver, M. (2021). The role of urban green space in promoting inclusion:
Experiences from the Netherlands. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 22(9).
Hunter, R. F., Cleland, C., Cleary, A., Droomers, M., Wheeler, B. W., Sinnett, D., ... & Braubach, M.
(2019). Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis. Environment international, 130, 104923.
Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M.M. & Shafie, A. (2021). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human
well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal, 20, 1-19.
Klein, W. et al. (2021). Engaging the unengaged: Understanding residents’ perceptions of social
access to urban public space. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (April 2021).
Kwon, OH., Hong, I., Yang, J., Wohn, DY., Jung, WS. & Cha, M. (2021). Urban green space and
happiness in developed countries. EPJ Data Science 28.
Lafrenz, A.J. (2022). Designing multifunctional urban green spaces: An inclusive public health
framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 19(17), 10867.
Lai, H., Flies, E. J., Weinstein, P., & Woodward, A. (2019). The impact of green space and biodiversity
on health. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(7), 383-390.
Larson, L.R., Mullenbach, L.E., Browning, M.H.E.M., Rigolon, A., Thomsen, J., Metcalf, E.C., Reigner,
N.P., Sharaievska, I., McAnirlin, O., D'Antonio, A., Cloutier, S., Helbich, M. & Labib, S.M. (2022). Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res., 204(Pt D), 112367.
Marchi, V., Speak, A., Ugolini, F., Sanesi, G., Carrus, G. & Salbitano, F. (2022). Attitudes towards urban
green during the COVID-19 pandemic via Twitter. Cities, 126, 103707.
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, AM. et al.
(2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ Res., 158, 301–17.
Masterton, W., Parkes, T., Carver, H. & Park, K.J. (2022). Exploring how greenspace programmes
might be effective in supporting people with problem substance use: A realist interview study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1661.
McCracken, D.S., Allen, D.A. & Gow, A.J. (2016). Associations between urban greenspace and health-
related quality of life in children. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 211-221.
Mears, M., Brindley, P., Jorgensen, A. & Maheswaran, R. (2020). Population-level linkages between
urban greenspace and health inequality: The case for using multiple indicators of neighbourhood greenspace. Health & Place, 62, 102284.
Molina-Garcia , J. et al. (2022). Associations between park and playground availability and proximity
and children’s physical activity and body mass index: The BEACH study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1
Noordzij, J.M., Beenackers, M.A., Oude Groeniger, J. & Van Lenthe, F.J. (2020). Effect of changes in
green spaces on mental health in older adults: A fixed effects analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health., 74(1), 48-56.
Razani ,N., Radhakrishna, R. & Chan, C. (2020). Public lands are essential to public health during a
pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(2), e20201271.
Rigolon, Alessandro, et al. (2021). Green space and health equity: A systematic review on the
potential of green space to reduce health disparities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5).
Roe, J.J., Aspinall, P.A. & Ward Thompson, C. (2017). Coping with stress in deprived urban
neighborhoods: What is the role of green space according to life stage? Front Psychol., 8, 1760.
Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D. & Mudu, P. (2019). Green spaces
and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet Planet Health,
3(11), e469-e477.
Roman, L.A., Pearsall, H., Eisenman, T.S. et al. (2018). Human and biophysical legacies shape
contemporary urban forests: A literature synthesis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31, 157-168.
Shepley, M., Sachs, N., Sadatsafavi, H., Fournier, C. & Peditto, K. (2019). The impact of green space on
violent crime in urban environments: An evidence synthesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 16(24), 5119.
Shoari, N., Ezzati, M., Baumgartner, J., Malacarne, D. & Fecht, D. (2020). Accessibility and allocation of public parks and gardens in England and Wales: A COVID-19 social distancing perspective. PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0241102.
Siah, C.R., Kua, E.H. & Goh, Y.S. (2022). The impact of restorative green environment on mental
health of big cities and the role of mental health professionals. Curr Opin Psychiatry., 35(3), 186-191.
Slater, S.J., Christiana, R.W. & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green
space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Prev Chronic Dis., 17, E59.
Soga, M., Evans, MJ., Tsuchiya, K. & Fukano, Y. (2020). A room with a green view: The importance of
nearby nature for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ecol Appl., 0, e02248. 10.1002/eap.2248
Stigsdotter, UK. & Grahn, P. (2011). Stressed individual’s preferences for activities and environmental
characteristics in green spaces. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 1, :295-304.
Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoic, S.K., Marin, A.M.,
Pearlmutter, D., Saaroni, H., Šaulienė, I., Simoneti, M., Verlič, A., Vuletić, D. & Sanesi, G. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban For Urban Green, 56, 126888.
Veen, E.J., Ekkel, E.D., Hansma, M.R. & de Vrieze, A.G.M. (2020). Designing urban green space (UGS)
to enhance health: A methodology. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 17(14), 5205.
Wang, Y., Chang, Q., Fan, P. & Shi, X. (2022). From urban greenspace to health behaviors: An
ecosystem services-mediated perspective. Environmental Research, 213, 113664.
Wood, C., Wicks, C. & Barton, J. (2023). Green spaces for mental disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry.,
36(1), 41-46.
Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S. & Bull, F. (2017). Public green spaces and positive mental health –
Investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health Place, 48, 63-71.
Wolf, K.L., Lam, S.T., McKeen, J.K., Richardson, G.R.A., van den Bosch, M. & Bardekjian, A.C. (2020).
Urban trees and human health: A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 17(12), 4371.
Yang, B.Y., Zhao, T., Hu, L.X., Browning, M.H.E.M., Heinrich, J, Dharmage, S.C., Jalaludin, B., Knibbs,
L.D., Young, C., Hofmann, M., Frey, D., Moretti, M. & Bauer, N. (2020). Psychological restoration in urban gardens related to garden type, biodiversity and garden-related stress. Landsc Urban Plan., 198, 103777.
Liu, X.X., Luo, Y.N., James, P., Li, S., Huang, W.Z., Chen, G., Zeng, X.W., Hu, L.W., Yu, Y. & Dong, G.H.
(2021). Greenspace and human health: An umbrella review. Innovation (N Y), 2(4), 100164.
A Trust for Public Land. (2023). The Power of Parks to Promote Health: A Special Report.
Akpinar, A., Barbosa-Leiker, C. & Brooks, K. R. (2016). Does green space matter? Exploring
relationships between green space type and health indicators. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 20, 407–418.
Battisti, L., Pille, L., Larcher, F., Butenschon, S. & Samuel, I. (2020). Managing urban greening for
improving well-being in European cities. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1279: XXX International Horticultural Congress IHC2018: Vll Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture, lV Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields and ll Symposium on Mechanization, Precision Horticulture, and Robotics.
Barton, J. & Rogerson, M. (2017). The importance of greenspace for mental health. BJPsych.
International 14(4):79-81.
Berg, M., Wenel-Vos, W., van Poppel, M., Kemper, H., van Mechelen, W. & Maas, J. (2015). Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 806-816.
Bojorquez, I. & Ojeda-Revah, L. (2018). Urban public parks and mental health in adult women:
Mediating and moderating factors. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 64(7), 637-646.
Bustmante, G. et al. (2022). Mental health and well-being in times of COVID-19: A mixed-methods
study of the role of neighborhood parks, outdoor spaces, and nature among US older adults. Health & Place 76 (July 2022),
Callaghan, A., McCombe, G., Harrold, A., McMeel, C., Mills, G., Moore-Cherry, N. & Cullen, W. (2021).
The impact of green spaces on mental health in urban settings: A scoping review. J Ment Health, 30(2), 179-193.
Chen, C., Luo, W., Li, H., Zhang, D., Kang, N., Yang, X. & Xia, Y. (2020). Impact of perception of green
space for health promotion on willingness to use parks and actual use among young urban residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5560.
Dadvand, P., Bartoll, X., Basagaña, X., Dalmau-Bueno, A., Martinez, D., Ambros, A. et al. (2016). Green
space and general health: Roles of mental health status, social support, and physical activity. Environ Int., 91, 161–7.
Dzhambov, A.M., Lercher,P., Browning, MHEM., Stoyanov, D., Petrova, N., Novakov S. & Dimitrova,
D.D. (2021). Does greenery experienced indoors and outdoors provide an escape and support mental health during the COVID-19 quarantine? Environ Res. 196:110420.
Edwards, J.R. et al. (2023). Associations of greenspace use and proximity with self-reported physical
and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE 18, no. 3.
Gianfredi, V., Buffoli, M., Rebecchi, A., Croci, R., Oradini-Alacreu, A., Stirparo, G., ... & Signorelli, C.
(2021). Association between urban greenspace and health: a systematic review of literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5137.
Geneletti, D., Cortinovis, C. & Zardo, L. (2022). Simulating crowding of urban green areas to manage
access during lockdowns. Landsc Urban Plan., 219, 104319.
Haas, WD, Hassink, J. & Stuiver, M. (2021). The role of urban green space in promoting inclusion:
Experiences from the Netherlands. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 22(9).
Hunter, R. F., Cleland, C., Cleary, A., Droomers, M., Wheeler, B. W., Sinnett, D., ... & Braubach, M.
(2019). Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis. Environment international, 130, 104923.
Jabbar, M., Yusoff, M.M. & Shafie, A. (2021). Assessing the role of urban green spaces for human
well-being: A systematic review. GeoJournal, 20, 1-19.
Klein, W. et al. (2021). Engaging the unengaged: Understanding residents’ perceptions of social
access to urban public space. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 59 (April 2021).
Kwon, OH., Hong, I., Yang, J., Wohn, DY., Jung, WS. & Cha, M. (2021). Urban green space and
happiness in developed countries. EPJ Data Science 28.
Lafrenz, A.J. (2022). Designing multifunctional urban green spaces: An inclusive public health
framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 19(17), 10867.
Lai, H., Flies, E. J., Weinstein, P., & Woodward, A. (2019). The impact of green space and biodiversity
on health. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 17(7), 383-390.
Larson, L.R., Mullenbach, L.E., Browning, M.H.E.M., Rigolon, A., Thomsen, J., Metcalf, E.C., Reigner,
N.P., Sharaievska, I., McAnirlin, O., D'Antonio, A., Cloutier, S., Helbich, M. & Labib, S.M. (2022). Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Res., 204(Pt D), 112367.
Marchi, V., Speak, A., Ugolini, F., Sanesi, G., Carrus, G. & Salbitano, F. (2022). Attitudes towards urban
green during the COVID-19 pandemic via Twitter. Cities, 126, 103707.
Markevych, I., Schoierer, J., Hartig, T., Chudnovsky, A., Hystad, P., Dzhambov, AM. et al.
(2017). Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ Res., 158, 301–17.
Masterton, W., Parkes, T., Carver, H. & Park, K.J. (2022). Exploring how greenspace programmes
might be effective in supporting people with problem substance use: A realist interview study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1661.
McCracken, D.S., Allen, D.A. & Gow, A.J. (2016). Associations between urban greenspace and health-
related quality of life in children. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 211-221.
Mears, M., Brindley, P., Jorgensen, A. & Maheswaran, R. (2020). Population-level linkages between
urban greenspace and health inequality: The case for using multiple indicators of neighbourhood greenspace. Health & Place, 62, 102284.
Molina-Garcia , J. et al. (2022). Associations between park and playground availability and proximity
and children’s physical activity and body mass index: The BEACH study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1
Noordzij, J.M., Beenackers, M.A., Oude Groeniger, J. & Van Lenthe, F.J. (2020). Effect of changes in
green spaces on mental health in older adults: A fixed effects analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health., 74(1), 48-56.
Razani ,N., Radhakrishna, R. & Chan, C. (2020). Public lands are essential to public health during a
pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(2), e20201271.
Rigolon, Alessandro, et al. (2021). Green space and health equity: A systematic review on the
potential of green space to reduce health disparities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5).
Roe, J.J., Aspinall, P.A. & Ward Thompson, C. (2017). Coping with stress in deprived urban
neighborhoods: What is the role of green space according to life stage? Front Psychol., 8, 1760.
Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Gascon, M., Perez-Leon, D. & Mudu, P. (2019). Green spaces
and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet Planet Health,
3(11), e469-e477.
Roman, L.A., Pearsall, H., Eisenman, T.S. et al. (2018). Human and biophysical legacies shape
contemporary urban forests: A literature synthesis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 31, 157-168.
Shepley, M., Sachs, N., Sadatsafavi, H., Fournier, C. & Peditto, K. (2019). The impact of green space on
violent crime in urban environments: An evidence synthesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 16(24), 5119.
Shoari, N., Ezzati, M., Baumgartner, J., Malacarne, D. & Fecht, D. (2020). Accessibility and allocation of public parks and gardens in England and Wales: A COVID-19 social distancing perspective. PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0241102.
Siah, C.R., Kua, E.H. & Goh, Y.S. (2022). The impact of restorative green environment on mental
health of big cities and the role of mental health professionals. Curr Opin Psychiatry., 35(3), 186-191.
Slater, S.J., Christiana, R.W. & Gustat, J. (2020). Recommendations for keeping parks and green
space accessible for mental and physical health during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Prev Chronic Dis., 17, E59.
Soga, M., Evans, MJ., Tsuchiya, K. & Fukano, Y. (2020). A room with a green view: The importance of
nearby nature for mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ecol Appl., 0, e02248. 10.1002/eap.2248
Stigsdotter, UK. & Grahn, P. (2011). Stressed individual’s preferences for activities and environmental
characteristics in green spaces. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 1, :295-304.
Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoic, S.K., Marin, A.M.,
Pearlmutter, D., Saaroni, H., Šaulienė, I., Simoneti, M., Verlič, A., Vuletić, D. & Sanesi, G. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study. Urban For Urban Green, 56, 126888.
Veen, E.J., Ekkel, E.D., Hansma, M.R. & de Vrieze, A.G.M. (2020). Designing urban green space (UGS)
to enhance health: A methodology. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 17(14), 5205.
Wang, Y., Chang, Q., Fan, P. & Shi, X. (2022). From urban greenspace to health behaviors: An
ecosystem services-mediated perspective. Environmental Research, 213, 113664.
Wood, C., Wicks, C. & Barton, J. (2023). Green spaces for mental disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry.,
36(1), 41-46.
Wood, L., Hooper, P., Foster, S. & Bull, F. (2017). Public green spaces and positive mental health –
Investigating the relationship between access, quantity and types of parks and mental wellbeing. Health Place, 48, 63-71.
Wolf, K.L., Lam, S.T., McKeen, J.K., Richardson, G.R.A., van den Bosch, M. & Bardekjian, A.C. (2020).
Urban trees and human health: A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 17(12), 4371.
Yang, B.Y., Zhao, T., Hu, L.X., Browning, M.H.E.M., Heinrich, J, Dharmage, S.C., Jalaludin, B., Knibbs,
L.D., Young, C., Hofmann, M., Frey, D., Moretti, M. & Bauer, N. (2020). Psychological restoration in urban gardens related to garden type, biodiversity and garden-related stress. Landsc Urban Plan., 198, 103777.
Liu, X.X., Luo, Y.N., James, P., Li, S., Huang, W.Z., Chen, G., Zeng, X.W., Hu, L.W., Yu, Y. & Dong, G.H.
(2021). Greenspace and human health: An umbrella review. Innovation (N Y), 2(4), 100164.
> Examples of urban Green spaces
Atlanta Beltline inhabits an old railroad corridor encircling the city’s downtown connecting 45 neighborhoods & parks.
Brooklyn Bridge Park has 85 acres of waterfront property with active & passive opportunities for the public + an Environmental Education Center that 10,000 students visit each year.
Railroad Park in Birmingham, Alabama has integrated the industrial sites of the city into green space using bio-filtration wetlands, Birmingham History Wall and more.
Klyde Warren Park with its 5 acres over an eight lane highway in Dallas Tx supports movement of pedestrians & cyclists between parts of the city.
Lowline development of former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal will use cutting edge solar technology to create an underground green space. On pause now but watch for more upcoming.
Millenium Park and its bean shiny sculpture in Chicago was designed by Frank Gehry from an industrial wasteland, now a 5 acre perennial garden, world’s largest green roof and concert venue.
The High Line in NTC designed by Piet Oudolf utilizes a former railroad line, now with a native and low maintenance pathway & garden right downtown with a focus on sustainability & stormwater attributes.
Brooklyn Bridge Park has 85 acres of waterfront property with active & passive opportunities for the public + an Environmental Education Center that 10,000 students visit each year.
Railroad Park in Birmingham, Alabama has integrated the industrial sites of the city into green space using bio-filtration wetlands, Birmingham History Wall and more.
Klyde Warren Park with its 5 acres over an eight lane highway in Dallas Tx supports movement of pedestrians & cyclists between parts of the city.
Lowline development of former Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal will use cutting edge solar technology to create an underground green space. On pause now but watch for more upcoming.
Millenium Park and its bean shiny sculpture in Chicago was designed by Frank Gehry from an industrial wasteland, now a 5 acre perennial garden, world’s largest green roof and concert venue.
The High Line in NTC designed by Piet Oudolf utilizes a former railroad line, now with a native and low maintenance pathway & garden right downtown with a focus on sustainability & stormwater attributes.
> Videos, webinars & websites on urban Green Spaces
6 Examples of Green Spaces in Cities article by ACD Consulting Services identifies urban parks, green roofs, landscaping around buildings, community woodlands & wetlands as impactful.
Green City Times online magazine focuses on green spaces, renewable energy, and ways the human interaction with environments can offer mutually beneficial living space. Article 10 Ways to Create Green Spaces for Urban Environments makes practical suggestions.
THRIVE website discusses urban green spaces in terms of smaller green spaces, private green spaces, larger green spaces, sustainable development and why these are important in cities.
UNICEF for every child website demonstrates the necessity of urban green space for children’s optimal development touching on all health domains.
Urban Green Space: Combining Goals for Sustainability and Placemaking research on Europe Now website discusses current approaches to this topic.
Green City Times online magazine focuses on green spaces, renewable energy, and ways the human interaction with environments can offer mutually beneficial living space. Article 10 Ways to Create Green Spaces for Urban Environments makes practical suggestions.
THRIVE website discusses urban green spaces in terms of smaller green spaces, private green spaces, larger green spaces, sustainable development and why these are important in cities.
UNICEF for every child website demonstrates the necessity of urban green space for children’s optimal development touching on all health domains.
Urban Green Space: Combining Goals for Sustainability and Placemaking research on Europe Now website discusses current approaches to this topic.
> Related organizations
Written & compiled by Lesley Fleming, Leah Diehl, Bree Stark in Dec. 2023